{"id":21490,"date":"2022-10-10T11:55:40","date_gmt":"2022-10-10T03:55:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/?p=21490"},"modified":"2022-10-10T11:55:40","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T03:55:40","slug":"thermodynamics-of-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/thermodynamics-of-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Changes in thermal effects usually accompany all physical, chemical, and metabolic reactions occurring in nature. People’s understanding of the nature of heat has undergone a long and tortuous journey of exploration.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Planck, Poincare, Gibbs v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 v\u0129 m\u00f4 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0m nh\u01b0 entanpi, entropy, Helmholtz v\u00e0 Gibbs, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 P, V v\u00e0 T c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Sau khi suy lu\u1eadn quy n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 suy di\u1ec5n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u00ean trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Boltzmann et al. combined quantum mechanics with classical thermodynamics to form statistical thermodynamics. Statistical thermodynamics belongs to the microscopic-to-macroscopic approach, which starts from the properties of microscopic particles and defines the system or particle’s partition function by finding the statistical probability, which is used as a bridge to establish the connection with the macroscopic properties.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng entropi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, Prigogine I, Onsager L v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng (NET), v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh trung t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, Onsager L \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931, v\u00e0 Prigogine \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u0103ng entropy t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf xa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Brussels do Progogine \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ti\u00eau t\u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u Benard (xem H\u00ecnh 1). L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ti\u00eau t\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf \u1edf xa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, m\u1edf ra c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.
\nHi\u1ec7n nay, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc phi tuy\u1ebfn, khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i [1].<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt pha Gibbs v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876, H. Roozeboom \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt pha cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1899, Roberts-Austen \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 pha Fe-Fe3C ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e9p; sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, G. Tamman v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha h\u1ec7 kim lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, R. Kikuchi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 entropi, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, M. Hillert v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, L. Kaufman, M. Hillert v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e9p. . Kaufman, M. Hillert v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha (CALPHAD), \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n [2].<\/p>\n

In June 2011, the U.S. announced a $500 million Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, one of the core elements of which is the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI). “The MGI aims to provide the necessary toolset for the development of new materials, reduce the reliance on physical experiments through powerful computational analysis, and significantly accelerate the variety and speed of new materials brought to market by advances in experimentation and characterization, reducing the development cycle from the current 10-20 years to 2-3 years.<\/p>\n

Materials thermodynamics studies the melting and solidification of solid materials, solid-state phase transitions, phase equilibrium relationships and compositions, microstructural stability, and the direction and driving force of phase transitions. In order to describe the free energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc. of various types of phases, various image-only or statistical thermodynamic models have been proposed, such as the ideal solute model, the regular solute model, the subregular solute model, the quasi-chemical model, the atomic sum model, the central atom model, the double sub dot model, the variational group model (CVM), the Bragg-Williams approximation, the Bethe approximation, the Ising approximation, Miedema approximation, etc. Diffusion is the main content of kinetic studies, including the formation and growth of nuclei during solidification, as well as homogenization, distribution, and redistribution of solute atoms in the alloy during heat treatment, which can be deduced from Fick’s first and second laws.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Gm-x, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 pha, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong TTT, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong CCT, v.v ... Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 pha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

1, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 pha th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m (DSC, DTA, TG, nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 tia X, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n vi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v.v.), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc ba v\u00e0 b\u1eadc ba.<\/p>\n

2, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tham s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Ab kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc ba.<\/p>\n

3, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CALPHAD, bao g\u1ed3m Thermo-Calc, Pandat, FactSage, Mtdata, JMatPro, v.v. H\u00ecnh 3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng pha trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 pha d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111a pha \u0111a bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng pha.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Cui-Ping Wang, Xing-Jun Liu, Ikuo Onuma et al. \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng pha c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 b\u1eadc ba Cu-Ni-Sn b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CALPHAD. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 4. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a pha bcc v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a pha fcc trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc ba n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a cao -c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cu-Sn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn cao s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y Spinodal. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Cu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y Spinodal [3].
\nC\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau<\/h2>\n

Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c pha v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Al-Cu, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t tan qu\u00e1 b\u00e3o h\u00f2a v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a trong dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u; trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9ng tu\u1ed5i, V\u00f9ng GP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t tan tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tinh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra pha c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng theta (Al2Cu) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1t. Khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,5 \u03bcm, s\u1ef1 c\u1eafm l\u1ec7ch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t; khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 0,005 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,05 \u03bcm v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n t\u1ed1t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft tinh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

(1) Ng\u00e0nh th\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n

Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 gang th\u00e9p, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e9p chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m niken, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 th\u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p 9 Ni cho LNG [4].<\/p>\n

(2) V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ma tr\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

Fan Tongxiang, Li Jianguo, Sun Zuqing, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gia c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ma tr\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gia c\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc [5]. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Sinter HIP<\/a> quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cacbua vonfram.<\/p>\n

(3) V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano<\/a><\/h3>\n

N\u0103m 2000, Chamberlin thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bang Arizona, Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft t\u1eeb, Giebultowica, Hill et al. Vi\u1ec7n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc nano trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u00f3a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 nano, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Zhicheng Tan t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano [6].<\/p>\n

(4) H\u1ee3p kim b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/h3>\n

Lidija GOMIDZELOVIC v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1. \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Muggianu v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim nh\u1edb h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng Cu-Al-Zn \u1edf 293 K b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Thermo-Calc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 [7].<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef hydro d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Mg, c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n graphene, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i pha, t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh CALPHAD v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: v\u1edbi Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 (DFT) v\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a pha (MFM); k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n kim v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i, v.v ...; gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o m\u1ea7m, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c pha k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n CCT, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong chuy\u1ec3n pha TTT, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, v.v. .<\/p>\n

Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111a quy m\u00f4, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc [8,9].<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

[1] Xu Zuyao, Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, 2009<\/p>\n

[2] Dai Zhanhai, Lu Jintang, Kong Gang. Ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha [J]. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, 2006, 4 (20): 94-97<\/p>\n

[3] Cui-Ping Wang, Xing-Jun Liu, Yun-Qing Ma, Ikuo Onuma, Ryo-Suke Kainuma, Kiyohito Ishida. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 b\u1eadc ba Cu-Ni-Sn [J]. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2005 (11): 202-207.<\/p>\n

[4] Dong Enlong, Zhu Yingguang, Pan Tao. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p 9Ni cho LNG [C], K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. Beidaihe: Chi nh\u00e1nh th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kim lo\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2008: 741-749<\/p>\n

[5] Fan Tongxiang, Zhang Congfa, Zhang Di. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ma tr\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i [J]. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2010, 29 (04): 23-27<\/p>\n

[6] JYANG Jun-Ying, HUANG Zai-Yin, MI Yan, LI Yan-Fen, YUAN Ai-Qun. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano [J]. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, 2010,22 (06): 1058-1067.<\/p>\n

[7] Lidija GOMIDZELOVIC, Emina POZEGA, Ana KOSTOV, Nikola VUKOVIC, Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng H\u1ee3p kim Cu-Al-Zn [J]. Giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 2015, 25 (08): 2630-2636<\/p>\n

[8] Liux J, Takaku Y, Ohnuma I, et al. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a Pb trong bao b\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n [J]. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Luy\u1ec7n kim, 2005, 4 (2): 122-125<\/p>\n

[9] Chen Q, Jeppsson J, Agren J. X\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n [J]. Acta Materialia, 2008, 56: 1890-1896<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Overview of thermodynamics Changes in thermal effects usually accompany all physical, chemical, and metabolic reactions occurring in nature. People’s understanding of the nature of heat has undergone a long and tortuous journey of exploration. In the early 20th century, Planck, Poincare, Gibbs, and other scientists took macroscopic systems as the object of study, based on…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-materials-weekly"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Thermodynamics-of-Materials.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21490\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}