{"id":1669,"date":"2019-05-22T02:47:38","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T02:47:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/single-post-the-science-of-high-resolution-electron-micro-graphs\/"},"modified":"2020-05-04T13:12:07","modified_gmt":"2020-05-04T13:12:07","slug":"the-science-of-high-resolution-electron-micro-graphs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/do-thi-dien-tu-vi-mo-co-do-phan-giai-cao\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao"},"content":{"rendered":"
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K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao (HRTEM ho\u1eb7c HREM) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha (\u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch pha gi\u1eefa s\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1, N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha. \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tinh th\u1ec3.<\/div>\n
K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950. N\u0103m 1956, JWMenter quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i song song c\u1ee7a 12 th \u0111\u1ed3ng phthalocyanine v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed truy\u1ec1n 8, v\u00e0 m\u1edf k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao. C\u00e1nh c\u1eeda ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, n\u0103m 1971, Iijima Chengman \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng TEM v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i 3,5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha c\u1ee7a Ti2Nb10O29 v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eed d\u1ecdc theo ch\u00f9m electron t\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3i chung, TEM l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tinh th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 1,44 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3. HRTEM kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00eca m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n quan s\u00e1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 David A. Muller t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u00f2 m\u1ea3ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng gian 0,39 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00f9m tia \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u1ea5p.<\/div>\n
Hi\u1ec7n nay, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed truy\u1ec1n qua th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n HRTEM. C\u00e1c k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. TEM \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh c\u1ef1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e0ng ng\u0103n, l\u00e0m cho g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n; trong khi TEM ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. G\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1eabu, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao, do \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i. Nh\u00ecn chung, TEM \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao 200 kev c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i 1,9, trong khi TEM ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 200 kev c\u00f3 2,3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch TEM ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao.<\/div>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 1, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quang c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao, khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m electron c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u03bb) x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tinh th\u1ec3 d, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Bragg (2dsin = \u03bb) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, M\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c (2\u03b8). S\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda sau c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 (trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed1t pho, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron ). Khi s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00f3ng to (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda sau m\u00e1y bay. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh giao thoa s\u00f3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao).<\/div>\n
Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n ch\u00f9m tia truy\u1ec1n qua c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00f9m tia nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 qua con ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p pha c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00f9m tia nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 tham gia v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c vi s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: r\u00eca l\u01b0\u1edbi, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ng hai chi\u1ec1u (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t \u00f4), hai chi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed: h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3), h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/div>\n
R\u00eca l\u01b0\u1edbi: N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 giao thoa v\u1edbi nhau, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu r\u00eca m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb b\u1edfi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111en trong H\u00ecnh 2 (f)) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa r\u00eca m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00f9m electron ph\u1ea3i song song ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng m\u1ea1ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c r\u00eca m\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch giao thoa gi\u1eefa s\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong (a) c\u1ee7a H\u00ecnh 2.<\/div>\n

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H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u: N\u1ebfu m\u1eabu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00f9m tia \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed song song v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tinh th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 2 (b) ( ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n) M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1). Trong m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi r\u00eca m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong h\u00ecnh 3 (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u1ee7a oxit si\u00eau d\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Bi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb.<\/div>\n
H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ng hai chi\u1ec1u: N\u1ebfu ch\u00f9m electron l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 song song v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 hai chi\u1ec1u (ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n trung t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh 2 (c) ). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tinh th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 giao thoa gi\u1eefa s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ng hai chi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean thang \u0111o \u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a thang \u0111o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ng hai chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ng hai chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a silicon \u0111\u01a1n tinh th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 3 (d).<\/div>\n
H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hai chi\u1ec1u: thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 trong h\u00ecnh 2 (d). Khi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 c\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ee9a trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hai chi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u1ee7a oxit si\u00eau d\u1eabn Tl2Ba2CuO6 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 3 (e). Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng cao v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham gia v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong ph\u1ea1m vi cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong \u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng m\u1ecfng b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u00f3ng tham gia v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu.<\/div>\n

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H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Tr\u00ean m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda sau, vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e8n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u00f3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. M\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 2 (e) l\u00e0 m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 Au, Cd. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Cd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. H\u00ecnh 2 (e) m\u1eabu nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 (020) v\u00e0 (008). Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Cd c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 4.<\/div>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 4, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu g\u1ea7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1edfi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao m\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao m\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao m\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/div>\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM or HREM) is the phase contrast (the contrast of high-resolution electron microscopy images is formed by the phase difference between the synthesized projected wave and the diffracted wave, It is called phase contrast.) Microscopy, which gives an atomic arrangement of most crystalline materials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy began in…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-materials-weekly"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1669"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1669\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}