{"id":1644,"date":"2019-05-22T02:47:38","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T02:47:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/single-post-the-principle-of-powder-sintering-in-metallurgy\/"},"modified":"2020-05-04T13:12:06","modified_gmt":"2020-05-04T13:12:06","slug":"the-principle-of-powder-sintering-in-metallurgy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/nguyen-tac-cua-bot-thieu-ket-trong-luyen-kim\/","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd thi\u00eau k\u1ebft b\u1ed9t trong luy\u1ec7n kim"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim b\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed9n b\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00f3a r\u1eafn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hydro), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p kim. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/div>\n
S\u1ef1 thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ec3 kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho b\u1ed9t v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9n n\u00f3. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gia nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ecfi h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed9t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m luy\u1ec7n kim, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac h\u1ee3p kim.<\/div>\n
Cacbua xi m\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 vonfram, carbon, coban, titan v\u00e0 xeri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed9n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p v\u00e0 thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p kim. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n kim n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cacbua xi m\u0103ng thi\u00eau k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim cacbua xi m\u0103ng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim b\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh. Cacbua xi m\u0103ng, h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ecbu d\u1ea7u, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u00e1nh xe kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u1ea1i quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kim lo\u1ea1i trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y.<\/div>\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m \u00e9p c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 30 mm hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1000-1400 \u00b0 C. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 30 \u00b0 C trong kho\u1ea3ng 5 ph\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong H\u00ecnh 2-2. Co ng\u00f3t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf 1150 \u00b0 C. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a 6% Co, s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 1320 \u00b0 C. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a 10% Co, \u1edf 1180-1200 \u00b0 C, s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng, s\u1ef1 co ng\u00f3t di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 1300 \u00b0 C, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/div>\n

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Sau \u0111\u00f3, do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do) do ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 200 \u00b0 C, coban b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i,-Co \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh-Co \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 490 \u00b0 C. \u1ede 600 \u00b0 C, carbon b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u00e0o coban v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch kh\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t cacbua vonfram c\u00e0ng m\u1ecbn, ho\u1eb7c cacbua vonfram ph\u1ee7 coban c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e0ng nhanh. S\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e9n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u00e1y compact. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y pha l\u1ecfng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/div>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng 6% coban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 1400 \u00b0 C. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, WC d\u1ea7n tan v\u00e0o pha l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 WC \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tan nhanh v\u00e0 WC l\u1edbn c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn do s\u1eafc n\u00e9t ph\u1ea7n g\u00f3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n pha l\u1ecfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3m, h\u1ee3p kim co l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t cacbua vonfram ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t cacbua s\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, WC c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb pha l\u1ecfng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 cacbua vonfram ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t cacbua vonfram, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1600 \u00b0 C, kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u00ean trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tinh th\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 SiO2. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t WC h\u00f2a tan trong pha l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t WC c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi pha l\u1ecfng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn, cacbua vonfram v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1ch ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 1%.<\/div>\n

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Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft, cacbua vonfram c\u00f3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y trong coban di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi cacbua vonfram kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a tan, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u1ecdc trai b\u1ecb l\u00e3o h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tan ch\u1ea3y carbon c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft alpha. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t WC \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1o m\u1ea7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. H\u00ecnh 2-3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, th\u00e9p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u00fac, h\u1ee3p kim stocate (Co-Cr-W) v\u00e0 cacbua xi m\u0103ng WC + Co.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim b\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed9n b\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hydro), nung n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-materials-weekly"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1644","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1644"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1644\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1644"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1644"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}