{"id":20244,"date":"2021-01-08T06:20:16","date_gmt":"2021-01-08T06:20:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/?p=20244"},"modified":"2021-01-08T06:20:34","modified_gmt":"2021-01-08T06:20:34","slug":"whats-the-process-of-iron-smelting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/demir-ergitme-sureci-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"Demir Eritme S\u00fcreci Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vgblk-rw-wrapper limit-wrapper\"><p>Demir yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri esas olarak y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n y\u00f6ntemini, do\u011frudan indirgeme y\u00f6ntemini, eritme indirgeme y\u00f6ntemini vb. i\u00e7erir. Prensip, indirgenmi\u015f pik demirin, cevherin belirli bir atmosferde (indirgeyici maddeler Co, H2, C; uygun s\u0131cakl\u0131k, vb.) fizikokimyasal reaksiyonuyla elde edilmesidir. .). D\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan pik demirin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na ek olarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00e7elik yap\u0131m\u0131nda hammadde olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Blast furnace ironmaking is the main method of modern ironmaking and an important link in iron and steel production. Due to good technical and economic indicators, simple process, large production capacity, high labor productivity and low energy consumption, iron produced by blast furnace process accounts for more than 95% of the world&#8217;s total iron production.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"429\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u72471.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20246\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u72471.png 310w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u72471-217x300.png 217w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n demir yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u015fematik diyagram\u0131<\/h2><p>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n silindirik bir f\u0131r\u0131na benzer, d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7elik levha ile kaplan\u0131r ve i\u00e7 duvar\u0131 ate\u015f tu\u011flas\u0131 ile kaplan\u0131r. T\u00fcm f\u0131r\u0131n derin bir beton temel \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n \u00fcretimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131ndan demir cevheri, kok ve c\u00fcruf yapma flaks\u0131 (kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131) y\u00fcklenir ve f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresi boyunca f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan t\u00fcyere \u00f6n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hava \u00fcflenir. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, karbon monoksit ve karbonun kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcnde yanmas\u0131 ve havaya \u00fcflenen oksijen ile olu\u015fan hidrojen, demir elde etmek i\u00e7in f\u0131r\u0131nda y\u00fckselme s\u00fcrecinde demir cevherinden oksijeni uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Erimi\u015f demir, musluk deli\u011finden bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p>Demir cevherindeki indirgeyici olmayan safs\u0131zl\u0131klar, c\u00fcruf liman\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131lan c\u00fcruf olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ve di\u011fer ak\u0131larla birle\u015fir. \u00dcretilen gaz, f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n tepesinden ihra\u00e7 edilmekte ve toz giderme i\u015fleminden sonra s\u0131cak y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n, \u0131s\u0131tma f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131, kok f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ve kazan yak\u0131t\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hammaddeler: demir cevheri, solvent, yak\u0131t<\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;Demir cevheri<\/h3><p>Do\u011fal olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan cevherin kimyasal bile\u015fimi, fiziksel durumu ve di\u011fer y\u00f6nleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n eritme gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak zordur. Y\u00fcksek dereceli, \u00fcniform bile\u015fim ve par\u00e7ac\u0131k boyutu ile y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in k\u0131rma, eleme, zenginle\u015ftirme, briketleme ve kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yoluyla haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131 ve i\u015flenmelidir.<\/p><p>Metalurji end\u00fcstrisinde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan d\u00f6rt \u00e7e\u015fit demir cevheri vard\u0131r.<strong><\/strong><\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Mineral \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/td><td>Ana bile\u015fenler<\/td><td>Demirin teorik i\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/td><td>\u81ea\u7136\u542b\u94c1\u91cf<strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hematit<\/td><td>Fe2O3<\/td><td>70%<\/td><td>50%~60%<strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>manyetit<\/td><td>Fe3O4<\/td><td>72.4%<\/td><td>40%~70%<strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>limonit<\/td><td>2Fe2O3\u00b73H2O<\/td><td>59.8%<\/td><td>37%~55%<strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Siderit<\/td><td>FeCo3<\/td><td>48.2%<\/td><td>\u4f4e<strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc<\/h3><p>Cevherdeki gang ve yak\u0131ttaki k\u00fcl, y\u00fcksek erime noktas\u0131na sahip baz\u0131 bile\u015fikler i\u00e7erir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, SiO2&#039;nin erime noktas\u0131 1625 \u2103 ve Al2O3&#039;\u00fcn erime noktas\u0131 2050 \u2103). Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ergitme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 hale getirilemezler, bu nedenle erimi\u015f demirden iyi ayr\u0131lamazlar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 zordur.<\/p><p>Flux eklemenin amac\u0131 bu y\u00fcksek erime noktal\u0131 bile\u015fiklerle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck erime noktal\u0131 c\u00fcruf olu\u015fturmak, b\u00f6ylece y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ergitme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tamamen s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fmak ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k sa\u011flamak, b\u00f6ylece metalden iyi ayr\u0131lma amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak ve pik demir kalitesi.<\/p><p>Ak\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re bazik ak\u0131 ve asit ak\u0131s\u0131na ayr\u0131labilir. Hangi ak\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, cevherdeki gang\u0131n ve yak\u0131ttaki k\u00fcl\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fal cevherlerdeki \u00e7o\u011fu gang asidik oldu\u011fundan ve kokunun k\u00fcl i\u00e7eri\u011fi asidik oldu\u011fundan, genellikle kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 gibi alkali eriticiler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Asit ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 nadiren kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Yak\u0131t<\/h3><p>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n eritme i\u015fleminin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu \u0131s\u0131, esas olarak yak\u0131t\u0131n yanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, yak\u0131t ayn\u0131 zamanda yanma s\u00fcrecinde indirgeyici madde rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynar, bu nedenle yak\u0131t, y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n eritme i\u00e7in ana hammaddelerden biridir. Yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan yak\u0131t esas olarak kok, antrasit ve yar\u0131 koktur.<\/p><p>Fiziksel ve kimyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7: y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta indirgeme reaksiyonu + c\u00fcruf reaksiyonu<\/p><p>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n eritme i\u015fleminin amac\u0131, demir cevherinden demiri azaltmak ve safs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 gidermektir. T\u00fcm ergitme i\u015fleminde en \u00f6nemlisi demir ve c\u00fcruf reaksiyonunun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Buna ek olarak, suyun ve u\u00e7ucu maddelerin buharla\u015fmas\u0131, karbonat\u0131n bozunmas\u0131, demirin karbonla\u015fmas\u0131 ve eritilmesi, di\u011fer elementlerin indirgenmesi vb. gibi bir dizi ba\u015fka karma\u015f\u0131k fiziksel ve kimyasal tepkimeler e\u015flik eder. belirli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k. Bu nedenle, ergitme i\u015flemi de gerekli bir ko\u015ful olarak yak\u0131t yanmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Yak\u0131t\u0131n yanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2><p>C\uff0bO2\u2192CO2<\/p><p>Y\u00fck\u00fcn ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/p><p>Suyun buharla\u015fmas\u0131 ve kristal suyun ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131; u\u00e7ucular\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; karbonat\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nda indirgeme reaksiyonu<\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>demirin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3><p>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nda, demir do\u011frudan y\u00fcksek de\u011ferlikli oksitten indirgenmez, ancak y\u00fcksek de\u011ferlikli oksitten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011ferlikli okside ve ard\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011ferlikli oksitten demire indirgeme i\u015flemiyle: Fe2O3 \u2192 Fe3O4 \u2192 FeO \u2192 Fe<\/p><p>Demirin indirgenmesi esas olarak indirgeyici madde olarak karbon monoksit gaz\u0131na ve kat\u0131 karbona ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Karbon monoksitin indirgenmesine genellikle dolayl\u0131 indirgeme denir ve kat\u0131 karbonun indirgenmesine do\u011frudan indirgeme denir.<\/p><p>Dolayl\u0131 indirgemenin toplam reaksiyonu 3fe2o3 + 9co \u2192 6fe + 9co2&#039;dir.<\/p><p>Do\u011frudan indirgemenin toplam reaksiyonu 3fe2o3 + C \u2192 2fe3o4 + Co&#039;dur.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>demirin karbonizasyonu<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3><p>Cevherden indirgenen demir kat\u0131 s\u00fcngerimsi ve karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, genellikle 1%&#039;den az. Co, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve ayr\u0131\u015fan C, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir aktiviteye sahip oldu\u011fundan, demir ile temas etti\u011finde demir karbon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturmak kolayd\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu nedenle, kat\u0131 s\u00fcnger demir daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta (400 \u2103\uff5e 600 \u2103) karbonla\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Kimyasal reaksiyon a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir: 2CO + 3Fe \u2192 Fe3C + CO2 veya 3Fe (s\u0131v\u0131) + C (kat\u0131) \u2192 Fe3C<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>c\u00fcruf s\u00fcreci<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3><p>C\u00fcruflama, cevherdeki gang\u0131n ve yak\u0131ttaki k\u00fcl\u00fcn eritici ile birle\u015ftirilip y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015flemdir. Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nda iki \u00e7e\u015fit c\u00fcruf olu\u015fumu vard\u0131r.<\/p><p>S\u0131radan asit cevheri ile eritme s\u0131ras\u0131nda, eritken ak\u0131 kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 \u015feklinde y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131na y\u00fcklenir ve ak\u0131daki Cao cevherdeki asit oksitlerle yak\u0131n temas halinde olamaz. bu nedenle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta olu\u015fan c\u00fcruf esas olarak SiO2, Al2O3 ve indirgenmi\u015f FeO&#039;nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan fe2sio4&#039;t\u00fcr. C\u00fcrufta FeO varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 c\u00fcrufun erime noktas\u0131 azal\u0131r ve c\u00fcrufun ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyidir. D\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde (ki bu ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fckselme s\u00fcrecidir), Cao i\u00e7eri\u011fi artarken c\u00fcrufta bulunan FeO kademeli olarak azal\u0131r ve kaybolur ve son olarak son c\u00fcruf oca\u011fa akar.<\/p><p>Cevher daha fazla Cao i\u00e7erdi\u011finden ve asidik SiO2 ile iyi temas halinde olabilece\u011finden, kendili\u011finden ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 cevher ile ergitme yap\u0131l\u0131rken, Cao, ergitmenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda c\u00fcruf reaksiyonuna hemen kat\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle de kendili\u011finden ak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sinter ile ergitme yaparken, Cao ile c\u00fcruf olu\u015fturur. SiO2, Al2O3, vb. sinterleme i\u015fleminde oldu\u011fu kadar erken, bu nedenle bu t\u00fcr cevherin birincil c\u00fcrufundaki CaO i\u00e7eri\u011fi daha y\u00fcksektir C\u00fcrufun bile\u015fimi de c\u00fcruf indirgeme s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleri<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h2><p>Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n ergitmenin ana \u00fcr\u00fcnleri pik demir ve ferroalyaj, yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ise c\u00fcruf, gaz ve f\u0131r\u0131n tozudur.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>d\u00f6kme demir<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3><p>Pik demir, Si, Mn, s, P ve di\u011fer safs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren 2%&#039;den fazla karbon i\u00e7eren bir demir karbon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Pik demir, kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve bile\u015fimine g\u00f6re iki kategoriye ayr\u0131labilir. Biri \u00e7elik yap\u0131m\u0131 pik demirdir: pik demirdeki karbon bile\u015fik \u015feklinde bulunur ve enine kesiti g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f beyazd\u0131r, beyaz demir olarak da bilinir; di\u011feri ise pik demir d\u00f6k\u00fcmd\u00fcr: do\u011frudan makine par\u00e7alar\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ferroalyaj<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3><p>Demir ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc metal veya ametal ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ferroalyaj denir (baz\u0131lar\u0131na ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 pik demir de denir). Ferrosilisyum, ferromanganez, ferrokrom, ferromolibden, ferrotungsten vb. gibi bir\u00e7ok ferroalyaj t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C\u00fcruf, gaz ve toz<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3><p>C\u00fcruf, gaz ve toz, y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. Daha \u00f6nce at\u0131k olarak at\u0131ld\u0131lar, ancak \u015fimdi yap\u0131 malzemelerinde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p><\/div><!-- .vgblk-rw-wrapper -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ironmaking methods mainly include blast furnace method, direct reduction method, smelting reduction method, etc. the principle is that the reduced pig iron is obtained by physicochemical reaction of ore in a specific atmosphere (reducing substances Co, H2, C; appropriate temperature, etc.). In addition to a small part of pig iron used for casting, the vast&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20246,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-materials-weekly"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u72471.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20244"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20244\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}